Python 作为一门强大且灵活的编程语言，提供了丰富的工具和库来进行文件目录管理，无论是创建、删除、移动文件，还是遍历整个目录结构，Python 都能轻松应对。掌握 Python 文件目录管理，不仅能提高我们的编程效率，还能让项目结构更加清晰、易于维护。接下来，就让我们一起深入探索 Python 文件目录管理！

基础操作

1. 文件操作

# 读取文件内容
try:
    with open('test.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        content = f.read()
        print(content)
except FileNotFoundError:
    print("文件不存在")
# 写入文件内容
with open('test.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write("这是新写入的内容\n")
# 追加文件内容
with open('test.txt', 'a', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write("这是追加的内容\n")

2. 目录操作

import os
current_dir = os.getcwd()
print(f"当前目录是: {current_dir}")

import os
dir_content = os.listdir('.')  # '.'表示当前目录
for item in dir_content:
    print(item)

import os
try:
    os.mkdir('new_dir')
except FileExistsError:
    print("目录已存在")

import os
import shutil
try:
    os.rmdir('new_dir')
except OSError:
    shutil.rmtree('new_dir')

进阶技巧

1. 批量处理

import os
# 目标文件夹路径
folder_path = 'your_folder_path'
prefix = 'new_prefix_'
for filename in os.listdir(folder_path):
    if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(folder_path, filename)):
        # 拆分文件名和扩展名
        name, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
        new_name = prefix + name + ext
        # 重命名文件
        os.rename(os.path.join(folder_path, filename), os.path.join(folder_path, new_name))

2. 高效读写

block_size = 1024 * 1024  # 每次读取1MB
with open('large_file.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f_read, open('new_file.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f_write:
    while True:
        block = f_read.read(block_size)
        if not block:
            break
        f_write.write(block)

3. 路径处理

from pathlib import Path
# 获取当前目录下的所有Python文件
python_files = list(Path('.').glob('*.py'))
for file in python_files:
    print(file)

import os
python_files = [file for file in os.listdir('.') if file.endswith('.py')]
for file in python_files:
    print(file)

强大的 shutil 模块

1. 文件与目录复制

import shutil
shutil.copyfile('source.txt', 'destination.txt')

import shutil
shutil.copy('source.txt', 'destination.txt')

import shutil
shutil.copy2('source.txt', 'destination.txt')

import shutil
shutil.copytree('source_dir', 'destination_dir')

2. 移动与重命名

import shutil
# 移动文件
shutil.move('old_dir/file.txt', 'new_dir/')
# 重命名文件
shutil.move('old_name.txt', 'new_name.txt')

3. 删除操作

import shutil
shutil.rmtree('directory_to_delete')

4. 压缩与解压

import shutil
shutil.make_archive('archive', 'zip', 'directory_to_compress')

import shutil
shutil.unpack_archive('archive.zip', 'extracted_directory')

实际应用案例

1. 数据备份脚本

import zipfile
import schedule
import time
from datetime import datetime
from pathlib import Path
def auto_backup(source_dir, backup_dir):
    """ 生成带时间戳的备份文件 """
    timestamp = datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d_%H%M")
    backup_path = Path(backup_dir) / f"backup_{timestamp}.zip"
    with zipfile.ZipFile(backup_path, 'w') as zipf:
        for root, _, files in Path(source_dir).rglob('*'):
            for file in files:
                file_path = root / file
                zipf.write(file_path, arcname=file)
    print(f"备份完成: {backup_path}")
# 每天凌晨3点自动备份
schedule.every().day.at("03:00").do(auto_backup, "./data", "./backups")
while True:
    schedule.run_pending()
    time.sleep(60)

2. 文件整理工具

import os
import shutil
def organize_files(source_dir):
    file_types = {
        '图片': ['jpg', 'jpeg', 'png', 'gif', 'bmp'],
        '文档': ['doc', 'docx', 'pdf', 'txt', 'xlsx', 'xls'],
        '视频': ['mp4', 'avi', 'mkv', 'flv', 'wmv'],
        '音频': ['mp3', 'wav', 'flac', 'aac', 'ogg']
    }
    for filename in os.listdir(source_dir):
        file_path = os.path.join(source_dir, filename)
        if os.path.isfile(file_path):
            file_extension = filename.split('.')[-1].lower()
            for folder, extensions in file_types.items():
                if file_extension in extensions:
                    target_folder = os.path.join(source_dir, folder)
                    if not os.path.exists(target_folder):
                        os.makedirs(target_folder)
                    shutil.move(file_path, os.path.join(target_folder, filename))
# 整理当前目录下的文件
organize_files('.')

常见问题与解决方法

1. 文件权限问题

import os
os.chmod('test.txt', 0o755)

2. 路径兼容性

import os
path = os.path.join('parent_dir', 'sub_dir', 'file.txt')
print(path)